Example Of A Parallel Circuit

Appeals court upholds health care law

The ruling by the Cincinnati-based U.S. Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit gives the administration a significant victory. Yet the 2-1 panel decision marks what is likely to be the first in a series of appeals court rulings in upcoming months. Ultimate resolution of the politically charged dispute is likely to come from the U.S. Supreme Court sometime next year.

Wednesday's decision, however, is the most significant to date, because it is the first by an appeals court and constitutes the first time that a Republican-appointee has voted to uphold the law.

Prior rulings were issued by district court judges, on the first rung of the U.S. judiciary, and in all of those, GOP-appointed judges had struck down the mandate that Americans buy insurance by 2014 and Democratic appointees had found it constitutional.

In Wednesday's case, Judge Boyce Martin, named by President Carter , a Democrat, and Judge Jeffrey Sutton, an appointee of Republican President George W. Bush, joined together for the panel majority to declare the individual-mandate provision a valid use of congressional power.

Sutton's stance was additionally important because he is one of the most high-profile conservative judges nationwide. A former law clerk to Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, Sutton was, before joining the 6th Circuit in 2003, at the vanguard of advocates arguing for limited federal power and confined readings of constitutional rights. He served in the late 1990s as Ohio's state solicitor general.

The overriding question in the health care litigation has been whether Congress, after finding that the uninsured pass on billions of dollars in costs to people who carry insurance, exceeded its commerce power by requiring almost everyone to purchase insurance.

A focal point of the legal arguments has been whether a person's decision not to buy insurance is a kind of economic activity that constitutes commerce, or a kind of inactivity beyond the reach of Congress.

"The minimum coverage provision regulates activity that is decidedly economic," Judge Martin wrote as he took the lead on Wednesday's decision in Thomas More Law Center v. Obama . "Consumption of health care falls squarely within (Supreme Court precedent's) definition of economics, and virtually every individual in this country consumes these services.

What are "series" and "parallel" circuits? - A "MEDIA TO GET"

Here, we have three resistors (labeled R1, R2, and R3), connected in a long chain from one terminal of the battery to the other. (It should be noted that the subscript labeling -- those little numbers to the lower-right of the letter "R" -- are unrelated to the resistor values in ohms. They serve only to identify one resistor from another.) The defining characteristic of a series circuit is that there is only one path for electrons to flow. In this circuit the electrons flow in a counter-clockwise direction, from point 4 to point 3 to point 2 to point 1 and back around to 4. Again, we have three resistors, but this time they form more than one continuous path for electrons to flow. There's one path from 8 to 7 to 2 to 1 and back to 8 again. There's another from 8 to 7 to 6 to 3 to 2 to 1 and back to 8 again. And then there's a third path from 8 to 7 to 6 to 5 to 4 to 3 to 2 to 1 and back to 8 again. Each individual path (through R1, R2, and R3) is called a branch. The defining characteristic of a parallel circuit is that all components are connected between the same set of electrically common points. Looking at the schematic diagram, we see that points 1, 2, 3, and 4 are all electrically common. So are points 8, 7, 6, and 5. Note that all resistors as well as the battery are connected between these two sets of points. In this circuit, we have two loops for electrons to flow through: one from 6 to 5 to 2 to 1 and back to 6 again, and another from 6 to 5 to 4 to 3 to 2 to 1 and back to 6 again. Notice how both current paths go through R1 (from point 2 to point 1). In this configuration, we'd say that R2 and R3 are in parallel with each other, while R1 is in series with the parallel combination of R2 and R3. The basic idea of a "parallel" connection, on the other hand, is that all components are connected across each other's leads. In a purely parallel circuit, there are never more than two sets of electrically common points, no matter how many components are connected. There are many paths for electrons to flow, but only one voltage across all components: This type is an extremely accurate device with very low leakage currents. It is constructed with alternate layers of metal foil and mica insulation, stacked and encapsulated. These capacitors have small capacitances and are often used in high frequency circuits (eg. : RF circuits). They are very stable under variable voltage and temperature conditions. Tolerances range from +/-0.25 to +/-5 percent.

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